Stress Fracture

Andreas Leonidou

Orthopaedic Surgeon

56 Kifisias Ave. & Delfon St.,
Marousi, 15125

+30 694 5993809
+30 210 6862039

leonidou@doctors.org.uk

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A stress fracture is associated with the development of a small crack in a bone due to repetitive stress or overuse. Stress fractures develop gradually due to continuous pressure applied to the bone and occur more frequently in individuals with high levels of physical activity. Visiting an Orthopaedic Surgeon for the management of a stress fracture is essential, especially when there is a severe clinical presentation.

What Is a Stress Fracture?

A stress fracture is a small crack fracture and refers to the presence of microscopic cracks in a bone. Specifically, it is the continuous but gradual development of cracks in the bone over an extended period of time. Repetitive use of the limbs, such as repeated jumping or long-distance running, is the main cause of stress fractures, and they can occur at any age.

How Do Stress Fractures Occur?

Stress fractures are mainly caused by:

  • Excessive increase in the intensity or duration of an activity

  • Increased load application within a short period of time, which may cause injury to the area

  • Lack of rest

  • Bone weakness due to osteoporosis

  • Use of inappropriate footwear

  • Previous injuries

Where Can Stress Fractures Occur?

Stress fractures usually occur in bones that support the body’s weight, while the most common types of fractures are:

  • Metatarsal stress fracture

  • Tibial stress fracture

  • Hip stress fracture

  • Ankle stress fracture

  • Heel stress fracture

Who Is More Prone to Developing Stress Fractures?

There are certain factors that can increase the risk of developing stress fractures, including:

  • Sports: Sports such as athletics, basketball, tennis, dancing, and football.

  • Increased activity: In individuals who suddenly transition from a sedentary lifestyle to an active training programme. They are also found in patients who rapidly increase the intensity, duration, or frequency of training.

  • Gender: Women, especially those with irregular or absent menstruation, are at higher risk of developing stress fractures.

  • Foot problems: Individuals with flat feet or high, rigid arches are more likely to develop fractures. Worn footwear also contributes to this.

  • Weakened bones: Conditions such as osteoporosis can weaken bones and make the development of stress fractures easier.

  • Previous stress fractures: The presence of one or more fractures increases the risk of developing additional fractures.

  • Nutritional deficiencies: Eating disorders and deficiency of vitamin D and calcium contribute to bone weakness.

Stress Fracture: Symptoms

The main symptoms of a stress fracture are:

  • Pain that begins and worsens during physical activity

  • Pain that does not improve after stopping the activity

  • Pain that is more noticeable when resting

  • Tenderness even with light touch over or near the affected bone

  • Difficulty walking

  • Swelling (oedema)

Treatment of Stress Fracture

Management of a stress fracture varies depending on the bone affected and the severity of the fracture. Immediate treatment of a stress fracture is crucial to prevent complications, such as non-union, which is associated with the inability of the bone to heal.

Stress fractures can be treated with conservative measures, such as:

  • Use of a splint and shoe inserts

  • Avoidance of activities

  • Medication

  • Physiotherapy

However, surgical treatment of a stress fracture is indicated when conservative treatment has not produced the desired results or when the fracture does not heal adequately within a specific period of time. Non-union, which may cause chronic pain or even disability, often requires surgical treatment.

Stress Fracture: Prevention

Simple steps can help prevent stress fractures:

  • Gradual changes in the intensity and frequency of exercise

  • Use appropriate footwear

  • Gradual increase in training intensity

  • Maintain a proper diet

A stress fracture requires immediate management to prevent the development of associated complications. Orthopaedic Surgeon Dr Andreas Leonidou specialises in the treatment of lower limb conditions and reconstructive surgery. To effectively manage a stress fracture, contact him.

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